Araştırma

(Two lectures) Review of lectures on quantum groups and knots from last year, as well as overview of remaining results.

(Two lectures) We will give a general overview of tropical geometry: What things are and how they've been used. Also some new work will be outlined. If interest continues further lectures can be given during the special seminar.

(two lectures)

F. R. Harvey and H. B. Lawson, Jr. canonically generalized the classical plurisubharmonic functions and convexity in complex geometry to all calibrated manifolds, and called them φ-plurisubharmonic functions and φ-convexity on a calibrated manifold (X,φ). One of the techniques to construct enormous families of strictly φ-convex domains with different topological types is using φ-free submanifolds, analogues of totally real submanifolds. In this talk, I will speak about the topology of φ-free submanifolds for well-known calibrations in Quaternion-Kähler, G₂ and Spin(7) manifolds and explain some recent results about φ-free embeddings, which use h-principle.

(Two lectures)

Tight and overtwisted contact structures in dimension 5.

Representation data and enhanced R-matrices.

Tight and overtwisted contact structures in dimension 3.

Representations of the tangle category.

Tangle category. Generators and relations.

Tensor functors. Equivalence of tensored categories.

Tensored categories. Definition and a little bit of structure.

More basic category theory.
Finish proof that an equivalence of categories is an essentially surjective fully faithful functor. Examples: finite sets and set iso, is equivalent to integers and symmetric groups; finite dimensional vector spaces and v.s. iso, is equivalent to integers and GL_n. Define adjoint functors and prove that adjoint functors define natural bijections of Hom.

We study the Ramanujan-prime-counting function along the lines of Ramanujan's original work on Bertrand's Postulate. We show that the number of Ramanujan primes between x and 2x tends to infinity with x. This analysis leads us to define a new sequence of prime numbers, which we call derived Ramanujan primes. For n greater than or equal to 1 we define the nth derived Ramanujan prime as the smallest positive integer with the property that if x is greater than or equal to the nth derived Ramanujan prime, then the number of Ramanujan primes in the interval from x to x/2 is greater than or equal to n. As an application of the existence of derived Ramanujan primes, we prove analogues for Ramanujan primes of Richert's Theorem and Greenfield's Theorem for primes. We give some new inequalities for both the prime-counting function and for the Ramanujan-prime-counting function. Following the recent works of Sondow and Laishram on the bounds of Ramanujan primes, we analyze the bounds of derived Ramanujan primes. Finally, we give another proof of the theorem of Amersi, Beckwith, Miller, Ronan and Sondow.

Introduction to basic category theory.
Categories, functors, natural transformations, natural isomorphisms, equivalence of categories, essentially surjective and fully faithful functors.

Quantum groups are like the group-like objects in noncommutative geometry. This lecture begins a series explaining quantum groups and applications to knot theory. Today is basic definitions and notation: algebra, coalgebra, bialgebra, Hopf algebra. We will show that the involution of a Hopf algebra is unique and acts like an inverse (in particular S(gh) = S(h)S(g)).

We had a series of talks in the last Bahar semester on an operator approach to noncommutative algebraic geometry. It was proposed a new approach to noncommutative spectra of Lie-complete associative rings, which is based on operator theory philosophy. The noncommutative rings are represented as linear (unbounded) operators over the quantum domains rather than regular functions (or global sections) over schemes as classically done in the commutative case. Commutative functional rings are replaced by operator rings, whose localizations are reduced to the operators over invariant submodules. As the main result we proved that the formal spectrum Spf(A) of a Lie-operator ring A over the domain X is the Kolmogorov completion of X. Moreover, each Lie-complete ring A turns out to be a Lie-operator ring A over the formal inflation X of Spf(A) up to a topological isomorphism. Today we talk about a certain part of this construction, namely on noncommutative localization for filtered rings. It has an independent interest and shows us how the topological completions can stand for noncommutative algebraic operations.

Advanced Knot Theory (ongoing seminar series)

Theorem 1 Let b be a separable polynomial of degree n with roots on the unit circle T, m_b be the smalest local maximum of |b| on T and M_b be the greatest local maximum. Then for every z in T,         n/2 m_b \le |b'| \le n/2 M_b.
The proof is based on logarithmic potential theory on the complex plane.

Farkli uzunlukta iki çubuk alalim. Bu çubuklarin uzunluklarini kiyaslamanin dogal yolu, Öklid algoritmasini uygulamaktir, sonuç olarak bir sürekli kesir elde ederiz. Öklid algoritmasini cebirsel islemlere kodlanmasi, modüler grubu verir. (Özel bazi sartlari tasiyan kiyaslamalarin kodlamasi kalandas modüler altgruplari verir). Bu cebirsel islemler, hiperbolik düzlemin bir dönüsüm grubu olarak, veya bu uzayin içinde oturan sonsuz bir agacin otomorfizmleri olarak yorumlanabilir. Hiperbolik düzlemi (agaci), modüler grubun sonsuz mertebeli tek bir elemaninin ürettigi Z-altgruba bölecek olursak, halkalari (taban kenarli çarklari) elde ederiz. (Genel olarak agacin modüler grubun bir altgrubuna bölümü bir kurdela çizge verir). Bu Z-altgruplara ayni zamanda birer belirsiz ikili kuadratik form (bikf) tekabül eder. Z-altgruplarin modüler gruptaki eslenik siniflarinaysa bikf'lerin bildik modüler grubu etkisi altindaki denklik siniflari tekabül eder. Bir çarka "takla (flip)" attirarak, yeni bir çark elde edebiliriz. Soru: Nesneleri çarklar(=bikf'ler) olan ve morfizmleri taklalar tarafindan üretilen "sinif grupoid"inin temel grubu nedir?

The first of three related talks. In this talk we will introduce rational singulaities of complex surfaces and some of the combinatorial properties of their resolution.

The second of three related talks. In this talk we will show how to use m-coverings to find non-isolated forms of rational singularities.

The third of three related talks. In this talk we will introduce Newton polygons which are used to construct inimal resolutions of rational singularities.

(Postponed to March 6) In this talk we investigate noncommutative schemes of Lie-complete associative rings based on their operator realizations over quantum domains. The main result asserts that the formal spectrum Spf(A) of an Lie-operator ring A over the domain X is the Kolmogorov completion of X. Moreover, each Lie-complete ring A turns out to be an Lie-operator ring over a certain domain.

The efficiency of many cryptographic protocols relies on fast arithmetic and compact representation of the underlying group. I will present my recent work on obtaining compressed represenations for finite field elements and speeding up certain finite field operations. I will compare these techniques with the previously-known methods, discuss some applications to pairing-based cryptography, and conclude by stating some open problems and directions for future research.

In this talk we investigate noncommutative schemes of Lie-complete associative rings based on their operator realizations over quantum domains. The main result asserts that the formal spectrum Spf(A) of an Lie-operator ring A over the domain X is the Kolmogorov completion of X. Moreover, each Lie-complete ring A turns out to be an Lie-operator ring over a certain domain.

Noncommutative affine schemes, regularity and the weak operator topology. (ongoing seminar series)
We propose an operator approach to noncommutative affine schemes based on Kapranov's framework of NC-schemes for NC-complete algebras (Noncommutative geometry based on commutator relations, J. Reine Angwer. Math. (505) (1998) 73-118).
It turns out that NC-schemes unifies many ideas of noncommutative spectral theory, operator theory and the theory of topological radicals. It seems we can easily explain many Grothendieck's extraordinary tricks done in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry in terms of the operator rings. The theory presents an interest even in the commutative case, but appearance of the weak operator topology is something new in the noncommutative case, which is mainly due to Kapranov's ideas. Many assertions have not checked out yet up to the end. Therefore many mistakes could be. All remarks and critics are welcome.

An Introduction to Knot Theory (ongoing seminar series)

Each Riemannian manifold hosts a natural flow in its unit tangent bundle, the so callled geodesic flow. A general result of D. V. Anosov guarantees that the geodesic flow of a Riemannian manifold of negative sectional curvature is hyperbolic, a property that heralds complicated dynamical behaviour. I will elaborate the well-known instance of the Poincare half-plane whereof the unit tangent bundle can be identified with PSL(R, 2). The exact conditions under which the geodesic flow of a Riemannian manifold is hyperbolic are unknown. I conjecture that these are topological (even homological) rather than geometric conditions.

In this talk (intended for a audience with mathematical, computer science, or philosophy background, with a basic knowledge of propositional and first-order logics) I intend to present modal logics as a subject. We will start from basic definitions and intended semantics, progressively going towards a precise notion of truth in modal logic, and, on the side, of formal deduction.

Continuation of the talk from October 6.

Images of additive polynomials in one variable exhibit representative behavior for all polynomials over valued fields of positive characteristic. It was conjectured that this could be carried out to polynomials in several variables. I will present a new class of valued fields which are extremal with respect to additive polynomials(in several variables) but they are not extremal with respect to every polynomial, thus disproving the conjecture.

We discuss something about calculus but being equipped with quantum operations. For us the identity $1+1=1$ turns out to be quite natural and it breaks up our vision to classical calculus. The latter is too useless and boring.

... Continuation of the previous talk.

Calibrated Geometries were introduced by Harvey and Lawson in their foundational paper in 1982. These are the geometries of minimal submanifolds which are determined by a form φ on a Riemannian manifold called calibration. I will talk about the well-known examples of calibrated submanifolds, especially coming from special holonomy.

We continue our discussion of calibrated manifolds. We introduce holonomy groups, discuss Berger's (1950's) classification of holonomy groups, and the natural calibrations induced on the different holonomy types. We are particularly interested in the special holonomy G₂ and Spin(7) manifolds.

Recently, the notion of plurisubharmonic functions in calibrated geometries was introduced by Harvey and Lawson. These functions generalize the classical plurisubharmonic functions from complex geometry to calibrated manifolds. In this talk, I will give some information about these functions and their properties where the calibration is parallel.

TBA

TBA

Introduction to toric varieties. Regular morphisms, rational morphisms, rational varieties, and toric varieties. Uses of toric varieties.

Definitions and examples. Pictures of toric varieties and blowups. End with a rough description of some current research.

Definitions and examples. Pictures of toric varieties and blowups. End with a rough description of some current research.

I will describe a way of understanding free Lie algebras using preLie algebras and graph algebras which generalizes and simplifies the standard method of embedding a Lie algebra in its universal enveloping algebra. I will also outline connections with shuffle algebras, giving new ways of understanding them, as well. The ideas presented have roots in algebraic topology computations of Dev Sinha in 2006, as well as rational homotopy extensions of these by Sinha and myself in subsequent years; however, the precise framing I will describe (purely in algebra) is due to myself and is the product of work this summer.

I will give an application of the framework presented in the previous seminar, giving a new basis for free Lie algebras and using the configuration pairing to write Lie bracket expressions in terms of this basis. Time-permitting, I will show how to make Grobner basis calculations using this basis in general (non-free) Lie algebras.

Basic model theory terminology, definitions, and theorems will be introduced: First order languages, L-structures and L-formulas, elementary equivalences, definable sets, completeness, compactness thoerem, Ax-Kochen and Ershov's Theorem. I will end with Artin's conjecture about solutions of degree d forms in d²+1 variables over rational p-adics.

Valued fields are fields equipped with a valuation compatible with the field structure. I will introduce their value groups and residue fields; equal and mixed characteristic cases; Hahn fields; Henselian fields; and valued fields as first order structures. Time will be spent on classical examples. In this talk I will also give a more detailed description of the Ax-Kochen, Ershov theorem, give an example of its failure in positive characteristic, and introduce the open question of determining the first-order theory of F_p((t)).

Valued difference fields are valued fields with a compatible automorphism σ. I will introduce also Hahn difference fields, and investigate an Ax-Kochen, Ershov type theorem in this setting. Classical examples are Witt vectors over the closure of F_p with a lifting of the Frobenius automorphism; and R((t))^LE, the "log-exp closure of R((t))". Ideas in the previous lecture generalize to Henselian configurations, σ-polynomials, and σ-Henselianity. I will give an Ax-Kochen type theorem in this setting (in the σ-Henselian case for contractive σ), and relate valued fields with positive characteristic to valued difference fields. In this relation, Kaplansky fields correspond to σ-Henselian fields.